Aprepitant PO vs Ondansetron IV for Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Status:
Withdrawn
Trial end date:
2008-09-01
Target enrollment:
Participant gender:
Summary
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) persists as one of the more common complications of
surgery. Although rarely life-threatening, it is the postoperative outcome that is most
unfavorable to patients, even more undesirable than pain. Orthognathic surgery corrects
conditions of the jaws and face related to structure, growth, sleep apnea, bad bite, or
congenital malformations. The bones of the face and jaws are cut and placed in a new
position. There is a high rate of PONV in orthognathic surgery (56%). It is particularly
challenging to the patient as their jaws are kept closed together with wires or elastic
bands. Nausea in a patient with restricted mouth opening can be psychologically unnerving and
puts them at risk for fluid in their lungs.
Gan and colleagues showed a higher efficacy of aprepitant over ondansetron in preventing PONV
and nausea severity after open abdominal surgery. From this study, the FDA approved the use
of aprepitant for PONV prevention in patients >18 years of age. Gan suggested further
investigation in different populations.
Our randomized, double-blind, prospective study will compare the efficacy of aprepitant PO
versus ondansetron IV in a high risk setting for PONV: adolescents undergoing orthognathic
surgery.
Our study will involve 200 consecutive, adolescent patients (ages 15-25) who will undergo at
least a Le Fort 1 osteotomy (upper jaw surgery) under general anesthesia and require hospital
admission for at least one night. We will exclude patients who are currently taking
medications that have interactions with aprepitant (pimozide, terfenadine, astemizole,
cisapride), those who have a known vomiting disorder such as bulimia, and those who have
vomited for any reason within 24 hours of surgery. The procedure will be performed by 5
surgeons and general anesthesia will be administered by 3 anesthesiologists at one
institution. A study coordinator, who will not be involved in the treatment, will create the
randomization schedule in order to ensure blindness. The patients will be randomized to
either of two groups: 1) aprepitant 40 mg PO 2) ondansetron 4 mg IV. Appropriate verbal and
written consent will be obtained by the priniciple investigator or surgeon.
On the day of the procedure, all patients will receive a pill (aprepitant or aprepitant
placebo) at least 1 hour prior to induction of anesthesia and an IV infusion (ondansetron or
saline) over 2-5 minutes prior to intubation. The timing and doses of medications will be
consistent with manufacturer's recommendations. An established protocol will ensure every
patient will receive the same anesthetic regiment. Patient's fluid status will be closely
monitored and hydrated appropriately according to known fluid balance calculations.
Efficacy will be assessed based on criteria set by Gan et al and will be based on the
presence/absence of a vomiting episode, use of rescue medication and subjective evaluation of
nausea. Patients will be monitored continuously in the PACU and on the hospital floor by the
caring team (nurse, resident, anesthesiologist, surgeon) for any emetic episode or use of
rescue therapy. An emetic episode is defined as an act of vomiting (oral expulsion of stomach
contents) or retching (non-productive vomiting). Nausea will be assessed at intervals of 0,
2, 6, 24 hours after surgery with T0 being time of extubation. Patients will rate nausea on a
11-point verbal rating scale, with 0 being "not nausea" to 10 being "the worst nausea."
Rescue medication will be offered if the patient has more than one episode of vomiting or
retching, if the patient has nausea lasting longer than 15 minutes, or if the patient
requests it for established nausea or vomiting.