Vulvodynia is characterized by persistent vulvar pain, which often occurs upon touch or
pressure. The cause of vulvodynia is unknown but is presumed to involve many factors. Some of
these factors may include altered immune response, infections, altered vaginal acid-base
balance, allergic reactions and psychosexual disorders. Women are generally treated with
medications such as anti-histamines, anti-depressants and anti-inflammatories, or with
physical therapy to minimize symptoms. Other therapies for vulvodynia include topical agents
(lidocaine, or compounded medications such as baclofen, gabapentin and amitriptyline), oral
medications (gabapentin, pregabalin, calcium citrate), complementary therapies (yoga, guided
imagery, cognitive behavioral therapy) or a low-oxalate diet, but these are often
ineffective. Surgery for vulvodynia may be helpful in the hard to manage cases, but is
utilized as a last resort.