There is evidence of involvement of checkpoint pathways, including PD-1, in the pathogenesis
and resistance of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). However monotherapy with checkpoint
inhibitors was ineffective in a number of studies, indicating the presence of several
mechanisms of resistance. This pilot study evaluates the safety and preliminary efficacy of
nivolumab combination with currently existing treatments in MDS patients who failed at least
one line of therapy. The study evaluates if there is a combination which induces objective
responses.